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What is Machine Learning? Theory, Types Of Problems And Tasks

What is Machine Learning

What is Machine Learning? Machine Learning is one of the divisions of artificial intelligence-gathering methods developed in the twentieth century in various scientific communities.

It is under different names such as computational statistics, pattern recognition, artificial neural networks, adaptive filtering, dynamical systems theory, image processing, data mining, adaptive algorithms, etc.

It uses statistical methods to improve the performance of the algorithm in identifying patterns in data. In computer science, machine learning is a variant of traditional programming in which a machine prepares the ability to learn something from data autonomously, without explicit instructions.

More About Machine Learning

What is Machine Learning? Machine learning is pattern recognition and the computational theory of knowledge It explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from a set of data and make predictions about it by building a model inductively based on samples.

Machine learning is computer science where planning and programming explicit algorithms are impractical. Possible uses include filtering emails to prevent spam, detecting an intruder on a network, or intruders trying to breach data, search engines, and computer vision.

Machine learning links to, and often overlaps with, computational statistics, which are concerned with making predictions using computers. Machine learning is also strongly related to mathematical optimization, which provides methods, theories, and application domains to this field. For commercial uses, machine learning is a predictive analytics.

It develops with the study of artificial intelligence and is closely links to it. In fact, already from the first attempts to define artificial intelligence as an academic discipline, some researchers had shown interest in the possibility that machines learned from data

Machine learning, which developed as a separate field of study from classical AI, flourished in the 1990s. His goal changed from obtaining artificial intelligence to tackling solvable problems of a practical nature. He also turned his attention away from the symbolic approaches he had inherited from AI and moved towards methods and models borrowed from statistics and probability theory. Machine learning has also benefited from the rise of the Internet, making digital information more readily available and distributable.

What is Machine Learning Theory?

The main objective of machine learning is that a machine can generalize from its own experience to carry out inductive reasoning. In this context, generalization refers to a machine’s ability to accurately complete new examples or tasks, which it has never faced after having experienced a set of learning data.

Computational examination of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical computer science – learning theory. Since the training examples are finite sets of data and there is no way of knowing the future evolution of a model, learning theory offers no guarantee on the performance of the algorithms. On the other hand, it is an attractive standard for such performances’ probabilistic constrain limits.

The bias-variance tradeoff is one of the ways of quantifying the generalization For the generalization to offer the best possible performance, the complexity of the inductive hypothesis must be equal to the complexity of the function underlying the data. If the assumption is less complex than the function, then the model manifests underfitting. On the contrary, if the hypothesis is too difficult, the model displays overfitting, and the generalization will be more inferior

In addition to performance limitations, learning theorists study the time complexity and feasibility of learning itself. A computation is feasible if performed in polynomial time.

What is Machine Learning? Problems And Tasks

Machine learning tasks are of three broad categories, depending on the nature of the “signal” used for learning or the “feedback” available to the learning system. These categories, also called paradigms, are:

Supervised Learning

The model is in the form of possible inputs and their respective desired outputs, and the goal is to extract a general rule that associates the information with the correct result;

Unsupervised Learning

The goal of the model is to find a structure in the inputs provided, without the information in any way;

Reinforcement Learning

The model cooperates with a dynamic environment in which it tries to reach a goal (for example, to drive a vehicle), having a teacher who only tells him if he has achieved the goal. Another example is learning how to play a game by playing against a challenger

Midway between supervised and unsupervised learning is semi-supervised learning. The teacher provides an incomplete dataset for training, i.e., a set of training data and data without the desired output. Transduction is a particular case of this principle, in which the whole set of problem instances are known during learning, except the part of the desired outputs which is missing.
Another organization of machine learning tasks arises when considering the desired output of the machine learning system.

What is Machine Learning Classification?

In the classification, the outputs are two or more classes. The learning system must produce a model that assigns the inputs not yet seen to one or more. It is usually supervised. Spam filtering is an example of arrangement, where the inputs are emails, and the classes are “spam” and “not spam.”

Regression

In regression, which is also a supervised problem, the output and model used are continuous. An example of relapse is determining the amount of oil present in a pipeline. It has measurements of the attenuation of gamma rays passing through the channel. Another example is predicting the value of a currency’s exchange rate in the future, given its values in recent times.

Clustering

In clustering, a set of inputs is divided into groups. Unlike classification, groups are not known before, typically making it an unsupervised task. A typical example of clustering is the analysis of website user behavior.

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